France’s Macron urges Europe to take charge of own defence

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“This reinforced solidarity will imply a revision of the European architecture of defence and security: by initiating a renewed dialogue on cybersecurity, chemical weapons, conventional weaponry, territorial conflicts, space security, the protection of the polar zones, in particular with Russia,” Macron said.

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With the exceptions of fellow NATO members France and Britain, the European allies have lived under the nuclear umbrella of the United States since World War II.

That NATO alliance with the U.S. is especially important to countries like Poland and the Baltic states, which had long been under the thumb of Moscow before the 1991 collapse of the Soviet Union.

At a NATO summit last month in Brussels, Trump put more pressure on European countries, asking them to increase their defence spending to at least 2 per cent of their gross domestic product — a NATO goal that many members, including Germany, do not yet meet. Germany is, however, increasing its military spending to 1.5 per cent of GDP by 2025.

Macron’s speech on Monday aimed to set the roadmap of French diplomacy for the next year.

Since his election in May 2017, the 40-year-old French leader has called for a more integrated European Union as a whole, with a common European defence budget and security doctrine.

In November, EU countries officially launched a new era in defenceco-operation with a program of joint military investment and project development aimed at helping the EU confront its security challenges. Twenty-three of the EU’s 28 member nations signed up to the process, known as permanent structured co-operation, or PESCO.

Britain, which is leaving the EU in March 2019, and Denmark, which has a defence opt-out, were among those not taking part.

France, meanwhile, is also pushing for the full implementation of the 2015 Minsk peace agreement that France and Germany backed to settle the conflict in Ukraine, which has killed at least 10,000 people since 2014.

Sylvie Corbet, The Associated Press